The Journal of Clinical Anesthesia (JCA) publishes definitive, peer-reviewed articles devoted to the clinical practice of anesthesia. The JCA should be a participant in continuing education of clinicians, forecast important issues and trends in anesthesia and foster responsible debate on controversial issues. As an international journal, it encourages cross-communication between different cultures, informing our readers about medical and sometimes non-medical journalism, and provides enjoyable reading. Advertising between the pages of editorial content is not permitted.

The editors of JCA welcome the submission of manuscripts devoted to the clinical practice of anesthesia. Statements contained therein are the responsibility of the author(s). Each manuscript is considered for publication with the following understandings: 1) All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship. The order of authorship should be a joint decision of the co-authors. Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the content. Authorship credit should be based only on substantial contributions to (a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of data; and to (b) drafting the article or resizing it critically for important intellectual content; and on (c) final approval of the version to be published. Conditions (a), (b), and (c) must all be met. Participation solely in the acquisition of funding or the collection of data does not justify authorship. General supervision of the research group is not sufficient for authorship. Any part of an article critical to its main conclusions must be the responsibility of at least one author. 2) Ghostwriting: It is unacceptable for a person who lends the use of his or her name to a manuscript (whether or not a fee has been paid for the use of that name), when the manuscript has been written by another person/persons who do not identify themselves, their affiliation, or potential or real conflicts of interest. Therefore, ghostwritten articles will be immediately rejected. 3) None of the material in the manuscript has been published previously nor is any of the material currently under consideration for publication elsewhere (including tables, illustrations, etc.) in any other journal. The author should make a full statement to the editor about all submissions and previous reports that might be regarded as prior or duplicate publication of the same or very similar work (see Acceptable Secondary Publication section below). Copies of such material should be included in the submitted paper for the editors' review.

All manuscripts accepted for publication in JCA become the sole property of the publisher. The publisher reserves copyright and renewal in all published material, which may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. If a manuscript is accepted for publication, the author(s) will be asked to assign copyright to the publisher.

Acceptable Secondary Publication
Secondary publication in the same or another language, especially in other countries, is justifiable, and can be beneficial, provided all of the following conditions are met:

• The authors have received approval from the editors of both journals; the editor concerned with secondary publication must have a photocopy, reprint, or manuscript of the primary version.
• The priority of the primary publication is respected by a publication interval of at least one week (unless specifically negotiated otherwise by both editors).
• The paper for secondary publication is intended for a different group of readers; an abbreviated version could be sufficient.
• The secondary version reflects faithfully the data and interpretations of the primary version.
• A footnote on the title page of the secondary version informs readers, peers, and documenting agencies that the paper has been published in whole or in part, and states the primary reference. A suitable footnote might read: "This article is based on a study first reported in [title of journal, with full reference]."

Permission for such secondary publication should be free of charge.

MANUSCRIPTS

Authors are requested to register at this site ( http://ees.elsevier.com/jca ) and to submit their manuscript and any artwork as usable electronic files (not as PDFs). In an accompanying letter, authors should state that the manuscript, or parts of it, have not been and will not be submitted elsewhere for publication.

Submission items include a cover letter (saved as a separate file for upload), suggested reviewers, the manuscript file (including a title page, abstract, main text, references, and table/figure legends), and any tables and figures (saved as separate files). If you have submitted via the web-based site and are asked to revise your manuscripts, you will be asked to include a unique file (separate from the covering letter) with responses to reviewers' comments. The preferred order of files is as follows: cover letter, suggested reviewers, response to reviews (revised manuscripts only), manuscript file, table(s), figure(s). Files should be labeled with appropriate and descriptive file names (e.g., SmithText.doc, Fig1.eps, Table3.doc). Upload text, tables, and graphics as separate files. If your figures are large or you have many of them, you can compress them all in a Zip file and upload it as one item, properly named (e.g., Figures 1-7). The system will unpack the separate files and prompt you to name each one. Do not import figures or tables into the text document and, again, do not upload your text as a PDF. Complete instructions for electronic artwork submission can be found on the Author Gateway (at www.elsevier.com/authors), which is also accessible through the journal's submissions home page.

Authors who are unable to provide an electronic version or have other circumstances that prevent online submission must contact the Editorial Office prior to submission to discuss alternate options. The Publisher and Editors regret that they are not able to consider submissions that do not follow these procedures.

Manuscript Submission Preparation:

When submitting online via our web-based system ( http://ees.elsevier.com/jca ), authors must upload the following items as separate files: a cover letter, an abstract, the manuscript, and any tables, figures, and figure legends. Revised or resubmitted manuscripts should also include a transmittal letter, explaining how the author has dealt with each of the reviewer's and Editor's comments and these comments should be uploaded as a 'Revision Comments' file on the system.

File formats

For online submission, please use MS Word for the text files. Graphics should be saved as TIFF, EPS, or MS Office.

• Provide a cover letter indicating the name, address, tel., fax, and email addresses of the individual to whom correspondence and questions should be directed. Include a statement in the cover letter that the contents have not been published elsewhere and the paper is not being submitted elsewhere. Also indicate that the manuscript has been read and approved by all co-authors. Finally, indicate to which category of publication the author is submitting the article: Original Contribution, Editorial, Case Report, Grand Rounds, Pharmacologic Review, Special Article (history, art, politics, etc.), Letter to the Editor.
• Arrange the manuscript in the following order: title page, abstract (structured abstract if the work is an Original contribution only), text, acknowledgments, references, tables, legends for illustrations, and illustrations.
• Text: Arrange the body of the manuscript in the following order: (Structured) Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, with each component beginning on a new page.
• Number the pages in sequence, with the title page as page 1, the (structured) abstract as page 2, etc., with the page number in the upper right-hand corner.

Formatting of Text

• Type all manuscripts with double line spacing and aligned left, including the abstract, references, and figure legends.
• Use the Times New Roman 12-point font/size.
• Manuscripts should have continuous line numbers, page numbers and wide margins throughout (including the abstract, references, figure legends and tables).
• Indent each new paragraph.
• Use two returns to end headings and paragraphs.
• Do not use lower-case 'l' (el) for '1' (one) or 'O'(oh) for '0' (zero); they have different typesetting values.

TITLE PAGE

• Give the first name, middle initial, and last name of all authors. List each author's highest academic degree and provide the study affiliation (i.e., all departments and institutions from which the manuscript originated). All authors must fully meet the criteria for authorship as defined in the uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to medical journals or N Engl J Med 1997; 336:309-15.
• Provide the name, address, and email address of the corresponding author to whom reprint requests should be sent.
• Show the address of each author at the time of the study and include the present address if it differs.
• Provide a running title of up to 50 characters.
• Acknowledge grants, sponsors, and funding sources that provided direct financial support to the research work contained in the manuscript.

Use terms from the U.S. Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Annotated Alphabetical List for indexing purposes in Index Medicus.

ABSTRACTS

All Original Contributions require a structured abstract of up to 300 words, which clearly states the following (use these subheadings): 1) Study Objective, 2) Design — i.e, the type of study conducted, 3) Setting — e.g., delivery room, postoperative recovery area, operating room; 4) Patients — number studied, their ASA physical status, the nature of their procedure and illness; 5) Interventions — what was done to the patients on behalf of the study, 6) Measurements — e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, resp. rate values collected; 7) Main Results — the study's principal finding of interest, 8) Conclusions — based on the kinds of patients studied and the interventions used, what conclusions may be drawn from the main findings of interest. The structured abstract should provide key information and be informative on its own, although it should not include discussion of pros and cons, limitations or justifications of the study.

Except for letters to the editor and editorials, all other types of publications (case reports, review articles, special articles, and Grand Rounds), require a brief, standard abstract of a few sentences. Do not cite references or use abbreviations in the structured (or other) abstract.

List up to six keywords applicable to the contents of the manuscript. The keywords will be used for indexing purposes.

TEXT

Start the text on a new page. Arrange the text into four parts:

• Introduction: The rationale for the study. Do not include an extensive literature review.
• Materials and Methods: A clear and precise description of the experiment and the subjects from whom the data were derived. If subjects were randomized, describe the methods of randomization used. Identify all drugs and chemicals used, dosages, and routes of administration. Define all statistical methods used and, if appropriate, statistical references. Identify the name and address of the statistician who reviewed the data, if appropriate.
• Results: A factual account of the study's findings. Present these as logically appropriate in text, tables, or illustrations; do not repeat in the text what is demonstrated in a table or illustration.
• Discussion: A summary emphasizing new and important aspects of the study's conclusions. Ensure that all conclusions are justified by the results of the study. Identify the implications of the findings and their limitations, including implications for future research. Look at the pros and cons of the methods and results. Compare the implications and limitations of these findings with those reported in other essential studies. State new hypotheses when warranted, but clearly label them as such. Recommendations, where appropriate, may be included.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Funding sources and corporate or institutional associations should be given on the title page. Acknowledgments to individuals who assisted with the study or with manuscript preparation, including statistical review, should appear just before the references.

REFERENCES

References must be publicly available and verified by the authors and against the original documents. If the reference is not publicly available, refer to the material in a footnote within the text. Any references to published abstracts must be less than three years old. Number references sequentially in the order of their citation in the manuscript. The reference list appears immediately after the text and Acknowledgments. For each citation, include all names unless the authors number seven or more; in that case, list three names followed by "et al." Do not use periods after authors' initials. Provide inclusive page numbers for journal articles and specific page citations for books. Identify abstracts and letters. Style references according to "International Committee of Medical Journal Editors: Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals." N Engl J Med 1997; 336:309-15.

• Journal citation: Eichhorn JH, Cooper JB, Cullen DJ, et al. Anesthesia practice standards at Harvard: a review. J Clin Anesth 1988;1:55-65.
• Book citation: Thompson T, Kanton B. Hormonal and metabolic considerations in the acutely ill patient, 2nd ed. New York: Timely Publications, 1987:115-25,209-301.
• Chapter in a book: Baldwin T: Effective infusion therapy. In: Pronter K, Baldwin T, Senthoff V (eds): Insulin Infusion System Delivery. Baltimore: Immediate Press Publishers, 1986:88-152.

TABLES

Each table should be uploaded as a separate file. Provide a number (1,2,3, etc.) and title for each table. Abbreviations may be used to simplify a table; define all abbreviations in a single footnote. Number tables consecutively in the order of their first citation in the text. Identify statistical measures of variation such as standard deviation and standard error of the mean.

LEGENDS FOR ILLUSTRATIONS ("Figures")

Provide a full legend for each illustration. In the legend, identify and define all abbreviations, symbols, arrows, and illustration parts.

ILLUSTRATIONS ("Figures")

Number illustrations sequentially according to their first appearance in the text. If photographs of persons are submitted, either the subjects must not be identifiable or their pictures must be accompanied by written permission to use the photograph. Under special circumstances, color photographs can be published at a rate agreed upon between the authors and the publishers.

Figures

• Upload figures as separate files, or Zip all figures together and upload them at one step. (To download a trial version of WinZip, go to www.winzip.com.)
• A figure and its legend should be sufficiently informative that the results can be understood without reference to the text. Figure legends should not appear on the same page as figures, but in the manuscript text file (after references).
• The publisher will charge for printed color figures, but will publish color figures electronically so upload both when submitting the manuscript.
• Figures should be large enough to allow for reproduction but not larger than letter size, and should be designed with the Journal format in mind.
• The preferred point symbols are open circle, open square, open triangle, filled circle, filled square, filled triangle. The preferred shadings are black, white and bold hatching. Avoid stippling, which does not reproduce well. The preferred font for axis labels and keys is Arial.
• Ticks should be drawn outside the figure axes; they should not be extended to form lines across the whole figure.
• Give keys and other explanations either in the legend or in the figure caption.
• Number figures consecutively in Arabic numerals.
• Abbreviate 'Figure' to 'Fig.' and 'Figures' to 'Figs' except when starting a sentence.

PERMISSIONS AND CREDITS

Illustrations, tables, or lengthy quotations taken from published sources must be acknowledged with a full bibliographic citation. The author's and publisher's permission to reprint must be submitted as soon as the manuscript receives final acceptance for publication. One copy of any article not accepted for publication will be kept by the JCA in its files for six months.

DRUG AND CHEMICAL NAMES

Refer to drugs by their approved generic names. If trade names are used, the generic equivalent should be given parenthetically at first use. Identify compounds by their formal chemical name at first use; thereafter the trivial name may be used.

CONSENT

In all manuscripts reporting the results of human studies, a statement must appear in the Materials and Methods section indicating that approval was obtained from the institutional review board (IRB) and that all human subjects signed written informed consent. Cite in the text the full (hospital) name of IRB. Do not identify human subjects or patients.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

JCA expects all authors to disclose any commercial association that might pose a conflict of interest for submitted article(s). Funding sources and corporate or institutional associations must be acknowledged on the title page. In the cover letter accompanying the manuscript, provide the names of associations, consultancies, individual philanthropists, stock ownership, or other equity interest (e.g., patent or licensing arrangements). If the manuscript is accepted for publication, disclosure of this information will be discussed with the author(s).

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

The Journal's Editor-in-Chief is Robert R. Gaiser, MD. Direct questions to the editorial office at (508) 540-2197; Fax (508) 540-2714; E-mail: jclinanes@comcast.net.